I'm afraid than the answer is "no" because:
The registry is primarily used for storing settings, not information about the current state of the operating system (Windows 98 had special branch of the registry for performance info, but NT versions of Windows never had it AFAIK, they use performance counters).
In Windows there is no "low-level" concept of application (in the broad sense, not Windows Store Apps), they are just processes. The concept of applications the Tasks Manager use is more or less "processes associated with a window visible to the user", maybe with some tweaks.
For example, run a program that has the option of maintain an icon in the notification (tray) area next to the clock when its main window is closed, like Keepass. When the main window is visible the program appear in the application list, but if you close the main window the program disappear from the applications list, and reappears when the main window is shown again (although the same process has been running the whole time).
Edit: In Windows 8 with the revamp of the Task Manager the "Applications" tab was renamed to "Processes" and the "Processes" tab was renamed to "Details". Note that this only changed the name, not the contents, the full list processes is still in Details and Processes only shows processes with visible windows (I suspect that the change was to differentiate "regular" apps from Windows Store Apps).