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I have a 3-way switch wiring situation that to my understanding is no longer to code because there is no neutral wire in one of the boxes - for some dimmers and smart switches, I would need to add a neutral.

I am planning to replace the three-way switches for cosmetic reasons and also replace the existing fixture with several recessed lights. I don't plan to add a dimmer now (just 'dumb' 3-way switches), but I suppose it is always a future possibility.

1) How much work triggers an obligation to bring it up to code by getting a neutral to each box? My understanding is that adding the new lights would likely require me to do so (along with upgrading breaker to CAFCI), but would just the simple act of replacing the switches also require getting up to code?

2) Assuming I decide to run a neutral, what is the best way to do so, given how it is currently wired?

Everything is NM cables. Currently, line in from panel comes into a 3-gang box. It feeds two unrelated single fixture switches as well as the 3-way switch's black common screw. 14/3 connects to the far 3-way switch (in a single gang box), with black and red travelers. The white wire is connected to the far switch's black common, and when it returns to the 3-gang box it is wire nutted to the black wire that feeds the light fixture (so it serves as hot). The white wire that returns from the light fixture is connected to the white neutral from the line in from panel (as well as the other neutrals from the other loads in the box).

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So, my 3-gang box has neutral available but my far box does not. The two options to fix this that I can think of are to:

A) run neutral to far box on the white of the existing 14/3 and then return a new run of 14/2 to the 3-gang (which will then be connected to light fixture feed).

B) run a new 14/2 line from the panel to the far box, then use the existing 14/3 to bring travelers and neutral to the 3-gang switch, which then feeds the light fixtures.

Are either of these better options? Are there others I am missing? For access reasons, B is easier to do, but it would likely be on a different circuit, which would mean the 3-gang would have two circuits in it. I know that's fine, but I wonder if one tends to try to avoid doing that?

I am very much on the learning side of the curve about electrical wiring but am enjoying it and want to get things right, so any help or insight you have will be most appreciated.

susie derkins
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1 Answers1

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You're fine -- having neutral in one of the switch boxes is sufficient

While the text of NEC 404.2(C) isn't the clearest on this, in most multi-way switching situations, you can get away with only having neutral available at one switch box. This is because 3-way smart switches either use a mechanical remote switch that only needs a couple of wires run to it, or a proprietary remote that uses a single-wire setup to communicate with the "master" switch in addition to hot and neutral.

ThreePhaseEel
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  • I'm assuming you're referring to 404.2(c)(5), which states that the multiple switch locations be visible in relation to each other. I'm not sure the reason behind this exception as I can think of one product, Lutron Maestro, where the companion dimmers make a line to ground connection. – DrSparks Sep 27 '21 at 04:01
  • @DrSparks I always presumed it was about motion sensors... – Harper - Reinstate Monica Sep 27 '21 at 05:57
  • @DrSparks -- I wasn't aware the Maestros did that, but I know other remotes (Leviton, for instance) use line/neutral/traveler connections – ThreePhaseEel Sep 27 '21 at 11:45
  • @DrSparks - am I correct in understanding that you are saying that Lutron Maestro companion dimmers (as well as primary dimmer) require a neutral? (is that what "line to ground connection" means? When I hear line to ground, I think of a fault....but I have much to learn) – susie derkins Sep 27 '21 at 12:43
  • @ThreePhaseEel - would a neutral in only one switch box be acceptable in new construction? In other words - would the existing wiring in my house be acceptable in new construction? – susie derkins Sep 27 '21 at 12:44
  • @susiederkins, companies update their offerings all the time, so don't take one comment saying that Lutron requires a neutral as absolute fact. The main takeaway here is that some switches require it and some don't and that can vary even in one product line. You have to research specific model numbers to know for sure. – JPhi1618 Sep 27 '21 at 15:38
  • No, the Maestro main and companion dimmers so not *currently* require a neutral. That will change soon. – DrSparks Sep 27 '21 at 20:06
  • I'm accepting this as the answer, as it sounds like I don't need to add a neutral. Though I would still be interested to know suggestions for question #2 (whether A or B or some other option is considered more preferable) if I someday decide to add one. – susie derkins Sep 28 '21 at 00:04
  • @DrSparks -- I suspect that the Maestro hardware requires neither ground *nor* neutral, based on the instructions (which permit Maestro dimmers to be used with nonmetallic faceplates in apps where no grounding connection is available in the box) – ThreePhaseEel Sep 28 '21 at 00:05
  • @susiederkins -- you have neutral at the left-hand box in your diagram, which is sufficient now and forever (as diagrammed, your arrangement is A-OK for new construction) – ThreePhaseEel Sep 28 '21 at 00:05