Roman	Parthian
b.c.		a.d.					b.c.
39	–	14		Augustus Caesar	Phraates IV		37	–	2
a.d.							b.c.		a.d.
14	–	37		Tiberius	Phraataces		2	–	?
37	–	41		Caligula	Orodes II		?
41	–	54		Claudius	Vonones I		?	–	16
54	–	68		Nero	Artabanus III		16	–	42
68	–	69		Galba	Vardanes		42	–	46
69				Otho	Gotarzes		46	–	51
69				Vitellius	Vonones II		51
69	–	79		Vespasian	Volagases I		51	–	78
79	–	81		Titus	Pacorus		78	–	108
81	–	96		Domitian	Chosroes		108	–	130
96	–	98		Nerva	Volagases II		130	–	149
98	–	117		Trajan	Volagases III		149	–	191
117	–	138		Hadrian	Volagases IV		191	–	209
138	–	161		Antoninus Pius	disputed succession:
161	–	169	${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}}$	Marcus Aurelius	Volagases V	${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\left.{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right\}\,}}$	209	–	215
				Lucius Verus	Artabanus III
169	–	180		Marcus Aurelius	Artabanus III		215	–	226
180	–	192		Commodus	(End of Parthian Empire)
193				Pertinax
193				Didius Julianus
193	–	211		Septimius Severus
211	–	212	${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\left\{{\begin{matrix}\ \\\ \end{matrix}}\right.}}$	Caracalla
				Geta
212	–	217		Caracalla
217	–	218		Macrinus
218	–	222		Heliogabalus
222	–	235		Alexander Severus
Two Roman Emperors serving together:
⁠Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus—161–169.
⁠Caracalla, Geta—211–212.
⁠Valerian, Gallienus—253–259.
⁠Diocletian, Maximian—286–305, and through several succeeding reigns.

24. Saffron (Crocus sativus, Linn., order Iridaceae).—The part that entered into trade was the stamens and pistils of the flower, which were used medicinally, as a paint or dye, a seasoning in cookery, and a perfume or ingredient of ointments.

As a perfume, halls, theatres and courts were strewed with the