Women watching a Battle Field;" "The Whisper;" and three

or four landscapes. Mr. Sant was elected an associate of the Royal Academy in 1861. The "Samuel," and one or two other of his pictures, have been engraved.—J. T—e. * SANTA ANNA, Antonio Lopez de, ex-president of Mexico, was born February 21, 1798, and first distinguished himself in the Mexican war of independence, under Iturbide, but subsequently took a leading part in his expulsion. In 1828 he was appointed, under the president Guerrero, minister of war and commander-in-chief of the army; and in 1834 he was elected president. He placed himself entirely in the hands of the "church party," and it was expected that he would have reconciled the discordant interests in the republic; but his ambition led him into a series of military enterprises to which his abilities were not adequate. The state of Texas declared its independence in 1835, and in the war which followed Santa Anna was not only defeated, but taken prisoner, and was not released until 1837. He became president again in 1839, the chief incident in this administration being the French expedition to Vera Cruz, to punish the ill-treatment of some French subjects. In the engagement which ensued Santa Anna lost a leg. He was re-elected to the presidency in 1841, but in 1845 was compelled by a new insurrection to escape to Havana. Recalled in 1846 to the double functions of president and commander-in-chief, he conducted the war against the United States with indifferent success; and by the peace which concluded it the republic was compelled to submit to the loss of Texas and the Oregon territory. A military outbreak compelled him to flee once more to Jamaica, and again in 1852 he was recalled to Mexico, and invested with full powers as dictator, which were confirmed to him for life, 17th December, 1853. But in the following year an insurrection, in which the clergy, the Indians, and the army united, compelled him to take refuge once more in Havana. Since then there have been from time to time rumours which tended to show that he still aspired to power; and it has been stated that he takes an active interest in the events now (July, 1862) transpiring in Mexico.—F. M. W. SANTAFEDE, Fabrizio, a celebrated Italian painter, born at Naples about 1560, was the son and scholar of Francisco Santafede, a painter of note in his day, and one of the ablest pupils of Andrea Sabbatini. Fabrizio studied also in Lombardy, Venice, Florence, and Rome, staying in the last city two years. He painted numerous pictures for the churches of Naples, the principal being the "Assumption" and the "Coronation of the Virgin" in Santa Maria la Nuova. Santafede long held a very high reputation both as a designer and a colourist; but he belonged to the academic and eclectic period; and his works are rather those of a highly educated artist than a man of original power. His works are numerous in Naples. Santafede was known as a poet, historian, and antiquary, as well as a painter. He died in 1634.—J. T—e. SANTERRE, Antoine Joseph, a prominent actor in the French revolution, and a brewer, was born at Paris in 1762. He received a liberal education, and was the possessor of a large fortune acquired in trade. He was not only a just but a liberal master, and during a time of famine gave away nearly £12,000 worth of meat and rice. His frank manners and his generosity acquired for him great influence among his fellow-citizens. On the first outbreak of the populace he strove to appease the tumults, and saved the Palais Royal and the invaluable Bibliothèque du Roi from destruction. He took part, however, in the attack on the Bastile. In May, 1792, he was nominated commander of the national guard, and on the 20th June expelled the mob from the queen's chamber, and protected Marie Antoinette and her children from farther outrage. He conducted the royal family to the Temple on the 10th of August. He also commanded the guard at the execution of the king, and caused the drums to cease beating for a few moments when Louis was on the scaffold. During the massacres of September, Santerre favoured the escape of a number of those who had fallen into the hands of the mob. He was sent to La Vendee in 1793, but having failed to quell the insurrection, he was arrested and committed to prison. He regained his liberty after the 9th Thermidor, but did not again take a prominent part in public affairs, and died in 1809. Carlyle designates him "Inventive-stupidity imbedded in health, courage, and good nature."—J. T. SANTEUIL or SANTEUL, Jean Baptiste de (in Latin Santolius), a celebrated modern Latin poet, born in 1630, became canon of St. Victor, and died in 1697. His poetical talents, at first exercised in the laudation of great men, Bossuet induced him to consecrate to the service of the church; and though nothing of the kind was to be anticipated from a man of his eccentric, volatile, and facetious character, he eclipsed all his contemporaries as a writer of Latin hymns. They were translated into French in 1842 from the original quarto. Of his other works a complete edition was published by Barbou in 1729. SANTORIO, Santori (SANCTORIUS), an eminent physician and experimental physiologist, was born in 1561, at Capo d'Istria, on the gulf of Trieste. He took the degree of M.D. at Padua, and afterwards settled in practice at Venice. In 1611 he was appointed to the chair of the theory of medicine at Padua, which professorship he held for thirteen years. Finding at the end of that time that the professorial duties interfered with his attention to the calls of practice, he resigned the appointment. The university marked its appreciation of his services by accepting his resignation, but at the same time continuing his salary. He then removed to Venice, where much of his practice lay. He died there in 1636, aged seventy-five. He is buried in the cloisters of the Servites, and a marble statue is erected to his memory. He is best known as the first observer who made any attempt to estimate the amount and importance of the cutaneous perspiration. He experimented on himself by means of a statical chair which he contrived, and carefully weighing the ingesta and egesta, referred the difference to excretion from the skin. His system, founded on his experiments, had at the time considerable influence. He first published it at Venice in 1614, under the title of "Ars de Statica Medicina." His other works, comprising commentaries on Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna, and a treatise on lithotomy, were printed together in 4 vols., 4to, 1660. He was a man of great ingenuity. He invented an instrument for measuring the force of the pulse, and several surgical instruments. He was also the first to test the heat of the skin in different diseases by the thermometer.—F. C. W. SANZIO. See Raphael. SAPPHO, the famous poetess, was born in Lesbos, about 630 b.c. According to the general account she was a native of Mitylene. Very little is known of her life, and the incidents related by the ancient writers are mostly of a fabulous nature. According to the legend she was attached to a beautiful youth named Phaon, and as he did not return her affection, she threw herself from the promontory of Leucas into the sea. A pleasing paper by Addison, embodying this tale, may be found in the Spectator. Sappho was on terms of friendship with her countryman Alcæus, and shares with him the chief distinction in Æolian lyric poetry. She established a school of poetry in Lesbos, and many ladies among her pupils obtained great literary distinction, though none of them at all approached Sappho in genius. Her death is supposed to have occurred about 570 b.c. As to the artistic merit of her compositions there can be but one opinion. Aristotle ranks her with Homer and Archilochus. Solon prayed that he might not see death until he had committed to memory one of her finest odes. Plato styled her the tenth muse. Her moral character has been the subject of much dispute among modern scholars. It seems probable that her faults may have been exaggerated by the Athenian comic dramatists, with whom she was a favourite subject for burlesque and satire. This traditional view of her character was preserved and even heightened by the early christian writers. Nevertheless, a careful examination of the extant fragments of her compositions must convince an impartial critic that the almost unanimous judgment of the ancient authorities was well founded, that the poems of Sappho were licentious and immoral, though ranking in the very highest order of literary excellence. Her works comprised hymns and elegies, but seem to have mainly consisted of amatory lyrics. From her frequent use of what is termed the Sapphic metre, it was called after her name. One of the best editions is that by Neue, Berlin, 1827. The best accounts of Sappho will be found in Col. Mure's Introduction to Greek Literature, vol. iii., and in Muller's Introduction to the Literature of Ancient Greece.—G. SARAVIA, Hadrian, a learned divine of Spanish extraction, was born in Artois in 1531. After being for some time professor of divinity at Leyden, he came to England in 1587, and held a prebend in the churches of Gloucester, Canterbury, and Westminster successively. He wrote in favour of episcopacy against Beza. His works were published in 1611. He died in 1613.