Number one thing you missed is thinking that dealers do not make mistakes, they do, and you really need to be aware of what is going on around you at the table, because the simple fact is that it is you that looses if you don't.
You were not very clear about what happened. Did you push your whole stack in, throw a single chip in and mumble all in? In my experience this kind of burn and turn mistake happens because the player is vague, the player keeps his hands where its not clear he has no chips left, etc.
So not being really sure how clear or unclear you were at the point you think you were all in, it is difficult to say rather or not the dealer made a mistake or not. It is difficult to say rather or not what you did looked enough like an all in rather then a call for the dealer even to ask for clarification on your part.
This is part of protecting your hand. If you do not watch what is going on, if your not clear enough about your intent, more situations like this are going to happen with you, and they are not going to always go well for you.
In this case it went really bad, it seems that no one understood you were all in but you, so the turn was turned. Then it seems that the dealer was so sure that you only called that he did not think the situation was worth calling the floor. You should own some of that and it may be in the future you will be able to avoid this kind of thing.
Having said all this, when you said to the dealer I bet all in, than he said it did not matter, the dealer made a mistake. The floor should of been called to make a ruling. It is simple, whenever the dealer and a player are not drawing the same conclusion about a thing, you call the floor, let them make the decision.
Now when the floor comes over it may or may not be obvious to him rather or not what you did looked like in all in or a call. So we get back to the more vague you were, the reputation you have, effecting what that decision may be.
If the floor makes the decision in your favor, the procedure is simple, the action for the flop is clarified and finished, the turn card is replaced with the river card. The card that was burned and turned is shuffled back into the deck, after the shuffle the top card on the deck is used as the river. A player on a draw gets the magical six card flop.